Basque mythology

Lexicon of mythological beings

• Gentiles

  Basques from pre-Christian times were huge, robust people. They lived in the mount and threw big stones to their enemies. They built menhirs, cromlechs that used to keep the garden, and many churches, bridges or houses in the Basque Country. Also known as Mairuak, they were pioneers of farming and taught a lot to the rest of beings. Gentiles are very popular in Indo-European mythology.

• Lamias

  Lamias are beautiful creatures that live in rivers, with the physical aspect of a woman but the legs of a duck or a goat. They untangle their hair with a golden comb, enchanting any human being that passes nearby. They are also popular in Greek and Roman mythologies.

• Tartalo

  Tartalo is a mean creature with an only eye. He lives in caves and gets young men to eat them up. Its origin is the cyclop from Greek mythology.

• Lord of the Woods or Basajaun

  He is strong and tall, with long hair touching his knees. He takes care of the herd and warns about storms by shouting. He protects the sheep from wolves and sheep shake their bells when they notice he is around. Some folk tales show Basajaun also as the first farmer ever.

• Witches

  Every night, witches held their covens. They get the shape of cats, donkey or beast and generally there is some missing part of their body (hand, leg or head). Between 15th and 17th centuries, a lot of trials against witches took place in the Basque Country. In those trials were a mix of popular stories, religion, neighbour disputes and politics.

• Mari

  Mari is the Queen of Goddess. She is generally described with the body and face of a woman, well dressed in red. She also appears as a tree, an eagle, a cow or woman of fire. Sugaar is her mate. She lives in those caves with many mounts around (Larrunarri, Murumendi…).

• Zezengorri

  Zezengorri is a creature who lives in caves. He takes the shape of a cow or a bull and protects Mari’s dwellings. Some people think it is Mari herself. In southern Europe’s culture, the bull has always been present.

• Sugaar

  Sugaar is Goddess Mari’s couple. He is shaped like a snake and he is connected to phenomenon like storms and thunders. Among other things, he punishes those kids who are disobedient with their parents.

• Gaueko

  Gaueko is the lord of the night and he does not allow anyone working at night. He takes away those who stay up at night.

• Zozomikoteak

  In some of the towns in Gipuzkoa and Navarre, the term Zozomikoteak is used to name the last two days and a half of March and the first two days and a half of April. That’s the time of the year when thrushes start building their nests.

Magical practice!

• The solar flower or Eguzkilore

  It is a charm to protect every home. It is believed that any evil spirits that want to enter the house, will have to count, one by one, each hair of the cardoon flower before sun is out. When the sun -very similar to the flower- comes out, the night is over and the spirits become powerless.

• Warts

  To remove them, they put grains of salt on wheat on them, forming crosses and singing magic words. Then, they are thrown to the ground so that the warts burn down at the same time than the grains in the ground.

• The candle

  A candle is lit up, dedicated to someone accused of doing any kind of harm. The same way the wax on the candle burns up, the person will slowly consume.

• The axe

  With the blade facing up, next to a housedoor, it will protect the house from any lightnings.

• The hash and the hawthorn

  These plants protect the houses, covering doors and windows on the eve of San Juan.

• Txelemon

  This is some kind of trial represented in Ataun, of unknown symbolism. There is a woman walking around the prisoner, accused of being a thief. The woman’s head is covered and she is holding a stick on her hand. The prisoner answers on his knees, in unstable balance, while the judge keeps marking the rhythm with the stick.